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Over the past decade Isaiah Johnson Raiders Jersey , personality measures have increased in popularity as predictors of performance. There are many reasons for this, including the emergence of the five-factor framework, research showing personality measures can have very useful levels of validity, and the tendency for such measures to demonstrate less adverse impact than measures of cognitive ability. With this increased use have come concerns about the "fakability" of personality inventories. Specifically, because most personality inventories are relatively transparent, concerns have been raised about the extent to which job applicants answer them honestly. Whether conscious or not Maxx Crosby Raiders Jersey , research suggests applicants are motivated to present the image most likely to be viewed positively by decision makers. Incumbents, who already have the job and who may be responding under "research-only" instructions, have less motivation to attempt to manage the impressions they make. The result of this "test-taker motivation" may well be exaggerated levels of conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion for many applicants.

To date, a large amount of research has been conducted on faking and personality measures. Researchers have looked at three main issues: mean score differences, measurement equivalence (are faked measures "psychologically the same" as honest measures) Trayvon Mullen Raiders Jersey , and validity. The real issues are the extent to which applicants do actually respond differently from non-applicants and what effects, if any, these differences have on the accuracy of the inferences drawn from the affected measures.

Looking only at studies comparing applicants with incumbents, researchers have consistently found higher mean scores among applicants than among similar groups of incumbents. In a recent meta-analysis of the issue, Birkeland, Manson Johnathan Abram Raiders Jersey , Kisamore, Brannick, and Liu examined 29 studies comparing applicants with non-applicants. Their results showed that across all jobs, applicants scored significantly higher on emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness. In general, these mean differences tend to be about one third of a standard deviation favoring applicants.

Concern has also been raised about the measurement equivalence of scales across applicant and incumbent samples. If personality measures are not equivalent across applicant and incumbent situations Josh Jacobs Raiders Jersey , then relationships between personality measures and other variables (e.g., criterion-related validity) may not be the same across these situations. Studies comparing factor structures across settings have been less consistent than those looking at mean level effects. Where as some have found measures to be equivalent others have found differences in factor structure across settings. Overall, the research on factor structure suggests that applicant responses may be different from incumbent responses, but the magnitude of the differences is not always large or important.

Research examining the effects of testing situations on criterion-related validity tentatively suggests that predictive validity estimates are slightly lower than concurrent validity estimates. For example, Dunnette, McCartney Clelin Ferrell Raiders Jersey , Calrson and Kirchner found applicant responses to a personality measure to have slightly less validity than employee responses. Ones, Viswesvaran and Schmidt, in looking at personality-based integrity tests, found predictive validity coefficients of .31 and concurrent validity coefficients of .37. In her work on Project A, Hough examined eight personality dimensions (affiliation, potency Antonio Brown Raiders Jersey , achievement, dependability, adjustment, greeableness, intellectance and rugged individualism) and four criteria (job proficiency, educational success Derek Carr Raiders Jersey , counterproductive behavior and training success) in both predictive and concurrent research designs. Hough estimated that "concurrent validity studies produce validity coefficients that are, on average, .07 points higher than predictive validity studies". It is possible that predictive validities are slightly lower because only a subset of applicants fake, thereby changing the rank-order of those applicants in relation to those who did not fake. It is worth emphasizing that personality measures still offered practically useful levels of validity in predictive settings.

From the foregoing, it can be concluded that applicants' scores on personality measures are usually higher than are incumbents' scores. The impact of : taking a test in applicant settings on scale structure is less clear, with some finding substantial differences and others finding small or trivial differences. The results of studies on the criterion-related validity of personality measures generally indicate that they work slightly better for incumbents than they do for applicants. So do employee assessment and employee evaluation tests actually work? In short Bo Jackson Raiders Jersey , the evidence indicates that applicants do tend to fake personality measures a little, but the impact of this tendency does not significantly detract from their usefulness and they still form a key part of : human resources management.
This is a very strange but true story. Not everyone believe's in ghosts but I do and I have had several experiences with the super natural, this is only one of my encounters.


This happened when I was only (8) eight years old.


My bus driver's wife had a kitten and she wanted to get rid of it so she offered it to me first and of course I took the female kitten from her. Now this was the first cat that I can remember owning, she was a black and white cat and for some reason I gave her the name Dozier. She was a very sweet cat and she truly was mine because she was every where that I was.


Now we had several other cats and we had a problem with them getting into our attic, seemed like we could not keep them out so we decided to put up boards in the places that they were getting in through but Dozier would always find a way in.